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101 program
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102 key
1. n гаечный ключ2. n эл. ключ, кнопка, рычажный переключатель3. n ключ; подстрочникTorx type key — ключ типа "Торкс"
4. n определитель5. n ключ; разъяснение, разгадка6. n ключ, ключевая позицияfunction key — функциональная клавиша; функциональный ключ
to twist the key — сломать ключ, свернуть головку ключа
7. n верный путь, ключ8. n тех. клин; шпонка; чека, засов9. n стр. клинчатый кирпич10. n архит. замок, ключ свода или арки11. n бот. крылатка12. n амер. разг. студент привилегированного университета13. a главный, основной, ведущийkey man — незаменимый работник, специалист
14. a ключевойkey word — ключевое слово; зарезервированное слово
key address — основной адрес; ключевой адрес
15. a кино, фото основнойkey light — основной свет, ключевой свет
16. a спец. дескрипторный17. a определяющий, опознавательный18. v запирать на ключ19. v использовать условные обозначения, значки, символыinstructions keyed to accompanying drawings — пояснения к чертежам, легенда
20. v тех. заклинить, закрепить шпонкой21. v тел. радио, работать ключом22. n клавиша; клапанkey binding — задание функции клавиши; "привязка" клавиши
23. n клавиатура24. n муз. ключ, тональность25. n тон речи26. n стиль речи27. n тон, оттенокpicture painted in a low key — картина, написанная в тёмных тонах
28. n «ключ», тональность29. v настраивать музыкальный инструмент30. v приспосабливать; приводить в соответствиеremarks keyd to the situation — замечания, приличествующие данной ситуации
31. v спорт. присматривать за соответствующим номером команды противника; «опекать»32. n амер. островок,33. n сл. килограммСинонимический ряд:1. central (adj.) cardinal; central; pivotal2. first (adj.) basic; capital; chief; dominant; first; foremost; fundamental; important; leading; main; major; outstanding; paramount; pre-eminent; premier; primary; prime; principal; top3. answer (noun) answer; determinant; explanation; solution4. bar (noun) bar; cay; reef5. lock opener (noun) house key; ignition key; latchkey; lock opener; master key; pass; passe-partout; passkey; skeleton key6. means of access (noun) catalog; catalogue; clue; code; expedient; guide; index; manual; means; means of access7. passport (noun) open sesame; passport; password8. pitch (noun) pitch; tone9. route (noun) route; secret; ticketАнтонимический ряд:minor; problem -
103 point
1. n физ. стадия, критическая точка; температура2. n спец. точка, отметка; точка деленияpoint of reference — репер, отметка условного уровня
3. n мор. румбcardinal point — страна света; главный румб
4. n след, отметина5. n место, пункт, точкаassembly point — место сбора; сборный пункт
6. n полицейский пост7. n разг. станция; граница тарифного участка8. n момент9. n порог; край; грань10. n амер. единица, очко11. n талон; купон; единица продовольственной или промтоварной карточки12. n нужный результат, требуемое числоdecimal point — десятичная точка; точка в десятичном числе
13. n карт. очкоmatch point — очко, решающее исход матча
14. n одно из 12-ти делений на доске для игры в триктрак15. n место принимающего игрока16. n принимающий игрокsaluting point — место, трибуна для принимающего парад
17. n уровень, стандарт18. n степень, ступеньfrankness to the point of insult — откровенность, граничащая с оскорблением
to the point of — до такой степени; что
to the point that — до такой степени; что
19. n эл. точка присоединения потребляющего прибора; штепсельная розетка20. n пойнт21. n толщина бумагиконец; заключение
22. v указывать, показывать23. v указывать, выделять24. v указывать, обращать внимание; отмечать, подчёркиватьhe pointed out that there were certain formalities to be observed — он подчеркнул, что необходимо соблюсти некоторые формальности
point to the fact that — обращать внимание на то; что
25. v наводить, направлять; прицеливаться, целиться26. v быть обращённым, направленным; смотреть27. v указывать, свидетельствовать, говорить28. v иметь целью, стремиться29. v точить, заостритьsharpened a point — заострил; заостренный
30. v оживлять; заострять, придавать остроту31. v мор. обделывать конец «редькой»32. v мед. созревать33. v охот. делать стойкуto cede a point — сделать, допущение
34. v стр. расшивать швы кирпичной или каменной кладки35. v ставить знаки препинания36. v ставить точки37. v муз. делать разметкуto come directly to the point — подойти прямо к сути дела, без обиняков заговорить о главном
38. v делать паузы39. v отделять десятичную дробь точкойcondensation point — точка росы; температура конденсации
40. v мор. идти крутой бейдевинд41. v ставить ногу на пуанты42. v танцевать на пуантахa point, which has bothered us — вопрос, который нас беспокоил
43. v иск. переносить размеры с макета на камень44. v с. -х. закапывать в землю45. v метал. заострять, острить конец46. v редк. вставлять белые волоскиСинонимический ряд:1. case (noun) argument; case; reason2. characteristic (noun) birthmark; character; characteristic; feature; trait3. detail (noun) article; component; detail; element; item; particular; thing4. edge (noun) borderline; brink; edge; threshold; verge5. end (noun) aim; design; end; goal; intent; intention; motive; objective; plan; purpose; target; view6. essence (noun) essence; heart; message; pith7. idea (noun) idea; import; meaning; purport; significance8. issue (noun) issue; question9. place (noun) location; locus; place; position; site; situation; spot; station; where10. promontory (noun) beak; bill; cape; foreland; head; headland; naze; promontory11. speck (noun) dot; flyspeck; mote; pinpoint; speck; spot12. subject (noun) matter; motif; subject; subject matter; text; theme; topic13. time (noun) duration; instant; juncture; moment; period; time14. tip (noun) apex; barb; cusp; pointer; prick; prong; spike; spine; steer; tine; tip; tip-off15. validity (noun) cogency; effectiveness; force; punch; validity; validness16. direct (verb) address; aim; cast; direct; head; incline; lay; level; present; refer; set; train; turn; zero in17. indicate (verb) denote; hint; imply; indicate; signify; suggest18. punctuate (verb) punctuateАнтонимический ряд:contradict; deny; divert -
104 uniform
1. n форменная одежда, форма, униформа2. n воен. обмундирование, установленная форма одеждыofficial uniform — служебная форма; форменная одежда
3. a однообразный, единообразный4. a одинаковый, единый5. a форменный6. a однородный7. a постоянный, ровный8. a тех. сплошной9. a равномерный10. v делать однообразным11. v одевать в форменную одеждуСинонимический ряд:1. consistent (adj.) consistent; harmonious; homogeneous2. equal (adj.) equal; equivalent; identical; unvarying3. like (adj.) agnate; agreeing; akin; alike; analogous; comparable; consonant; corresponding; intercomparable; like; parallel; similar; such; suchlike; undifferenced; undifferentiated4. plain (adj.) plain; solid5. unvaried (adj.) constant; equable; even; invariable; regular; stabile; stable; steady; unchanged; unchanging; unfluctuating; unvaried; unwavering6. clothing (noun) attire; clothing; costume; dress; habit; livery; robe; vestment; wardrobeАнтонимический ряд:askew; awry; bizarre; confused; contorted; crooked; deranged; disjoined; dissimilar; distorted; divergent; diverse; diversified; grotesque; inconsistent; variable -
105 get
get [get]recevoir ⇒ 1A (a), 1A (d), 1A (g), 1A (i), 1B (b) avoir ⇒ 1A (a), 1A (b) toucher ⇒ 1A (a), 1A (b), 1B (b) trouver ⇒ 1A (b), 1A (h) obtenir ⇒ 1A (b), 1A (h) tenir ⇒ 1A (c) offrir ⇒ 1A (e) acheter ⇒ 1A (f) prendre ⇒ 1A (f), 1A (k), 1A (l) gagner ⇒ 1A (i) chercher ⇒ 1A (j) attraper ⇒ 1A (k), 1A (l), 1B (a) réserver ⇒ 1A (m) répondre ⇒ 1A (n) faire faire ⇒ 1C (b)-(d) préparer ⇒ 1D (a) entendre ⇒ 1D (b) comprendre ⇒ 1D (d) atteindre ⇒ 1E (a) devenir ⇒ 2A (a) se faire ⇒ 2A (b) commencer à ⇒ 2A (c), 2B (c) aller ⇒ 2B (a) réussir à ⇒ 2B (e)( British pt & pp got [gɒt], cont getting [getɪŋ], American pt got [gɒt], pp gotten [gɒtən], cont getting [getɪŋ])A.(a) (receive → gift, letter, phone call) recevoir, avoir; (→ benefits, pension) recevoir, toucher; (→ medical treatment) suivre;∎ I got a bike for my birthday on m'a donné ou j'ai eu ou j'ai reçu un vélo pour mon anniversaire;∎ I get 'The Times' at home je reçois le 'Times' à la maison;∎ this part of the country doesn't get much rain cette région ne reçoit pas beaucoup de pluie, il ne pleut pas beaucoup dans cette région;∎ the living room gets a lot of sun le salon est très ensoleillé;∎ I rang but I got no answer (at door) j'ai sonné mais je n'ai pas obtenu ou eu de réponse; (on phone) j'ai appelé sans obtenir de réponse;∎ many students get grants beaucoup d'étudiants ont une bourse;∎ he got five years for smuggling il a écopé de ou il a pris cinq ans (de prison) pour contrebande;∎ he got a bullet in his shoulder il a reçu une balle dans l'épaule;∎ familiar you're really going to get it! qu'est-ce que tu vas prendre ou écoper!;∎ familiar I'll see that you get yours! je vais te régler ton compte!(b) (obtain → gen) avoir, trouver, obtenir; (→ through effort) se procurer, obtenir; (→ licence, loan, permission) obtenir; (→ diploma, grades) avoir, obtenir;∎ where did you get that book? où avez-vous trouvé ce livre?;∎ they got him a job ils lui ont trouvé du travail;∎ I got the job! ils m'ont embauché!;∎ can you get them the report? pouvez-vous leur procurer le rapport?;∎ I got the idea from a book j'ai trouvé l'idée dans un livre;∎ I got a glimpse of her face j'ai pu apercevoir son visage;∎ you get a fine view from here il y a une vue magnifique d'ici;∎ I've got six more to get (in collection) il m'en manque six;∎ the town gets its water from the reservoir la ville reçoit son eau du réservoir;∎ we get our wine directly from the vineyard en vin ou pour le vin, nous nous fournissons directement chez le producteur;∎ they stopped in town to get some lunch (had lunch there) ils se sont arrêtés en ville pour déjeuner; (bought something to eat) ils se sont arrêtés en ville pour acheter de quoi déjeuner;∎ I'm going out to get a breath of fresh air je sors prendre l'air;∎ I'm going to get something to drink/eat (fetch) je vais chercher quelque chose à boire/manger; (consume) je vais boire/manger quelque chose;∎ can I get a coffee? je pourrais avoir un café, s'il vous plaît?;∎ get yourself a good lawyer trouvez-vous un bon avocat;∎ get advice from your doctor demandez conseil à votre médecin;∎ I need all the advice I can get j'ai besoin de tous les conseils qu'on peut me donner;∎ to get (oneself) a wife/husband se trouver une femme/un mari;∎ to get sb to oneself avoir qn pour soi tout seul;∎ to get a divorce obtenir le divorce;∎ get plenty of exercise faites beaucoup d'exercice;∎ get plenty of sleep dormez beaucoup;∎ try and get a few days off work essayez de prendre quelques jours de congé;∎ I'll do it if I get the time/a moment je le ferai si j'ai le temps/si je trouve un moment;∎ I got a lot from or out of my trip to China mon voyage en Chine m'a beaucoup apporté;∎ she got very little from her lessons elle a très peu appris de ses leçons;∎ he didn't get a chance to introduce himself il n'a pas eu l'occasion de se présenter(c) (inherit → characteristic) tenir;∎ she gets her shyness from her father elle tient sa timidité de son père(d) (obtain in exchange) recevoir;∎ they got a lot of money for their flat la vente de leur appartement leur a rapporté beaucoup d'argent;∎ they got a good price for the painting le tableau s'est vendu à un bon prix;∎ what did you get for your car? combien est-ce que tu as vendu ta voiture?;∎ he got nothing for his trouble il s'est donné de la peine pour rien;∎ you don't get something for nothing on n'a rien pour rien(e) (offer as gift) offrir, donner;∎ what did she get him for Christmas? qu'est-ce qu'elle lui a offert ou donné pour Noël?;∎ I don't know what to get Jill for her birthday je ne sais pas quoi acheter à Jill pour son anniversaire∎ get your father a magazine when you go out achète une revue à ton père quand tu sortiras;∎ get the paper too prends ou achète le journal aussi;∎ we got the house cheap on a eu la maison (à) bon marché(g) (learn → information, news) recevoir, apprendre;∎ we turned on the radio to get the news nous avons allumé la radio pour écouter les informations;∎ she just got news or word of the accident elle vient juste d'apprendre la nouvelle de l'accident;∎ he broke down when he got the news en apprenant la nouvelle il a fondu en larmes∎ multiply 5 by 2 and you get 10 multipliez 5 par 2 et vous obtenez 10∎ plumbers get £20 an hour un plombier gagne ou touche 20 livres de l'heure;∎ he got a good name or a reputation as an architect il s'est fait une réputation dans le milieu de l'architecture;∎ someone's trying to get your attention (calling) quelqu'un vous appelle; (waving) quelqu'un vous fait signe(j) (bring, fetch) (aller) chercher;∎ he went and got a book from the library il est allé chercher un livre à la bibliothèque;∎ go and get a doctor allez chercher un médecin;∎ get me my coat va me chercher ou apporte-moi mon manteau;∎ we had to get a doctor nous avons dû faire venir un médecin;∎ he went to get a taxi il est parti chercher un taxi;∎ what can I get you to drink? qu'est-ce que je vous sers à boire?;∎ can I get you anything? (to somebody ill etc) est-ce que vous avez besoin de quelque chose?;∎ they sent him to get help ils l'ont envoyé chercher de l'aide∎ did you get your train? est-ce que tu as eu ton train?∎ the Mounties always get their man la police montée attrape toujours son homme (au Canada);∎ he got me by the arm il m'a attrapé par le bras;∎ the dog got him by the leg le chien l'a attrapé à la jambe;∎ (I've) got you! je te tiens!(m) (book, reserve) réserver, retenir;∎ we're trying to get a flight to Budapest nous essayons de réserver un vol pour Budapest(n) (answer → door, telephone) répondre;∎ the doorbell's ringing - I'll get it! quelqu'un sonne à la porte - j'y vais!;∎ will you get the phone? peux-tu répondre au téléphone?B.(a) (become ill with) attraper;∎ he got a chill il a pris ou attrapé froid;∎ I get a headache when I drink red wine le vin rouge me donne mal à la tête;∎ familiar to get it bad for sb avoir qn dans la peau∎ I got the feeling something horrible would happen j'ai eu l'impression ou le pressentiment que quelque chose d'horrible allait arriver;∎ I get the impression he doesn't like me j'ai l'impression que je ne lui plais pas;∎ to get a thrill out of sth/doing sth prendre plaisir à qch/faire qch;∎ familiar to get religion devenir croyant□∎ you get some odd people on these tours il y a de drôles de gens dans ces voyages organisés;∎ you get a lot of people marrying young here il y a beaucoup de gens qui se marient jeunes par ici;∎ we don't get many accidents here nous n'avons pas beaucoup d'accidents par iciC.(a) (with adj or past participle) (cause to be) she managed to get the window closed/open elle a réussi à fermer/ouvrir la fenêtre;∎ I got the car started j'ai démarré la voiture;∎ don't get your feet wet! ne te mouille pas les pieds!;∎ get the suitcases ready préparez les bagages;∎ the children are getting themselves ready for school les enfants se préparent pour (aller à) l'école;∎ I finally got her on her own or alone j'ai fini par réussir à la voir en tête à tête;∎ we managed to get him in a good mood nous avons réussi à le mettre de bonne humeur;∎ they've got me so I don't know whether I'm coming or going c'en est à un tel point que je ne sais plus où j'en suis;∎ to get people interested (in sth) intéresser les gens (à qch);∎ let me get this clear que ce soit bien clair;∎ to get things under control prendre les choses en main;∎ he likes his bath as hot as he can get it il aime que son bain soit aussi chaud que possible;∎ the flat is as clean as I'm going to get it j'ai nettoyé l'appartement le mieux que j'ai pu;∎ he got himself nominated president il s'est fait nommer président;∎ don't get yourself all worked up ne t'en fais pas(b) (with infinitive) (cause to do or carry out) we couldn't get her to leave on n'a pas pu la faire partir;∎ get him to move the car demande-lui de déplacer la voiture;∎ I got it to work, I got it working j'ai réussi à le faire marcher;∎ we have to get the government to tighten up on pollution control il faut que l'on obtienne du gouvernement qu'il renforce les lois contre la pollution;∎ he got the other members to agree il a réussi à obtenir l'accord des autres membres;∎ I can always get someone else to do it je peux toujours le faire faire par quelqu'un d'autre;∎ I got her to talk about life in China je lui ai demandé de parler de la vie en Chine;∎ they can't get the landlord to fix the roof ils n'arrivent pas à obtenir du propriétaire qu'il fasse réparer le toit;∎ how do you get jasmine to grow indoors? comment peut-on faire pousser du jasmin à l'intérieur?(c) (with past participle) (cause to be done or carried out) to get sth done/repaired faire faire/réparer qch;∎ to get one's hair cut se faire couper les cheveux;∎ I didn't get anything done today je n'ai rien fait aujourd'hui;∎ it's impossible to get anything done around here (by oneself) il est impossible de faire quoi que ce soit ici; (by someone else) il est impossible d'obtenir quoi que ce soit ici(d) (cause to come, go, move)∎ how are you going to get this package to them? comment allez-vous leur faire parvenir ce paquet?;∎ they eventually got all the boxes downstairs/upstairs ils ont fini par descendre/monter toutes leurs boîtes;∎ I managed to get the old man downstairs/upstairs j'ai réussi à faire descendre/monter le vieil homme;∎ I managed to get him away from the others j'ai réussi à l'éloigner des autres;∎ get him away from me débarrassez-moi de lui;∎ can you get me home? pouvez-vous me raccompagner?;∎ they got her to the airport on time ils l'ont amenée à l'aéroport à l'heure;∎ his friends managed to get him home ses amis ont réussi à le ramener (à la maison);∎ how are we going to get the bike home? comment est-ce qu'on va ramener le vélo à la maison?;∎ I got a message to them je leur ai fait parvenir un message;∎ he can't get the children to bed il n'arrive pas à mettre les enfants au lit;∎ I can't get my boots off/on je n'arrive pas à enlever/mettre mes bottes;∎ we couldn't get the bed through the door nous n'avons pas pu faire passer le lit par la porte;∎ figurative where has all this got us? où est-ce que tout ça nous a menés?;∎ this is getting us nowhere ça ne nous mène nulle part, ça ne nous mène à rien;∎ that won't get you very far! ça ne te servira pas à grand-chose!, tu ne seras pas beaucoup plus avancé!D.(a) (prepare → meal, drink) préparer;∎ he's in the kitchen getting dinner il est à la cuisine en train de préparer le dîner;∎ who's going to get the children breakfast? qui va préparer le petit déjeuner pour les enfants?;∎ she got herself some breakfast elle s'est préparé un petit déjeuner(b) (hear correctly) entendre, saisir;∎ I didn't get his name je n'ai pas saisi son nom∎ I got her father on the phone j'ai parlé à son père ou j'ai eu son père au téléphone;∎ I couldn't get her at the office je n'ai pas pu l'avoir au bureau;∎ did you get the number you wanted? avez-vous obtenu le numéro que vous vouliez?;∎ get me extension 3500 passez-moi ou donnez-moi le poste 3500∎ I don't get it, I don't get the point je ne comprends ou ne saisis pas, je n'y suis pas du tout;∎ I don't get you or your meaning je ne comprends pas ce que vous voulez dire;∎ if you get my meaning si tu vois ce que je veux dire□ ;∎ don't get me wrong comprenez-moi bien;∎ I think he's got the message now je crois qu'il a compris maintenant;∎ I don't get the joke je ne vois pas ce qui est (si) drôle□ ;∎ get it?, get me?, get my drift? tu saisis?, tu piges?;∎ (I've) got it! ça y est!□, j'y suis!□ ;∎ oh, I get you! ah! j'ai pigé!(e) (take note of) remarquer;∎ did you get his address? lui avez-vous demandé son adresse?∎ get him! who does he think he is? vise un peu ce mec, mais pour qui il se prend?;∎ get (a load of) that! vise un peu ça!∎ get a load of this! écoute un peu ça!;∎ get him! écoute-le, celui-là!;E.∎ she got him in the face with a pie elle lui a jeté une tarte à la crème à la figure;∎ the bullet got him in the back il a pris la balle ou la balle l'a atteint dans le dos;∎ a car got him il a été tué par une voiture∎ everyone's out to get me tout le monde est après moi∎ we'll get you for this! on te revaudra ça!;∎ I'll get him for that! je lui revaudrai ça!∎ the pain gets me in the back j'ai des douleurs dans le dos□∎ that song really gets me cette chanson me fait vraiment quelque chose∎ you've got me there alors là, aucune idée∎ it really gets me when you're late qu'est-ce que ça peut m'énerver quand tu es en retard!∎ to get sth by heart apprendre qch par cœur∎ to get sb with child faire un enfant à qn∎ he got his in Vietnam il est mort au Viêt Nam□A.∎ I'm getting hungry/thirsty je commence à avoir faim/soif;∎ get dressed! habille-toi!;∎ to get fat grossir;∎ to get married se marier;∎ to get divorced divorcer;∎ don't get lost! ne vous perdez pas!;∎ how did that vase get broken? comment se fait-il que ce vase soit cassé?;∎ he got so he didn't want to go out any more il en est arrivé à ne plus vouloir sortir;∎ to get old vieillir;∎ it's getting late il se fait tard;∎ this is getting boring ça devient ennuyeux;∎ to get used to sth/doing sth s'habituer à qch/à faire qch;∎ familiar will you get with it! mais réveille-toi un peu!∎ to get elected se faire élire, être élu;∎ suppose he gets killed et s'il se fait tuer?;∎ to get drowned se noyer;∎ we got paid last week on a été payés la semaine dernière;∎ I'm always getting invited to parties on m'invite toujours à des soirées∎ let's get going or moving! (let's leave) allons-y!; (let's hurry) dépêchons(-nous)!, grouillons-nous!; (let's start to work) au travail!;∎ I'll get going on that right away je m'y mets tout de suite;∎ I can't seem to get going today je n'arrive pas à m'activer aujourd'hui;∎ she got talking to the neighbours elle s'est mise à discuter avec les voisins;∎ we got talking about racism nous en sommes venus à parler de racisme;∎ he got to thinking about it il s'est mis à réfléchir à la questionB.∎ when did you get home? quand es-tu rentré?;∎ it's nice to get home ça fait du bien de rentrer chez soi;∎ how do you get to the museum? comment est-ce qu'on fait pour aller au musée?;∎ how did you get in here? comment êtes-vous entré?;∎ they should get here today ils devraient arriver ici aujourd'hui;∎ how did you get here? comment es-tu venu?;∎ how did that bicycle get here? comment se fait-il que ce vélo se trouve ici?;∎ I took the train from Madrid to get there j'ai pris le train de Madrid pour y aller;∎ she's successful now but it took her a while to get there elle a une bonne situation maintenant, mais ça ne s'est pas fait du jour au lendemain;∎ he got as far as buying the tickets il est allé jusqu'à acheter les billets;∎ I'd hoped things wouldn't get this far j'avais espéré qu'on n'en arriverait pas là;∎ are you getting anywhere with that report? il avance, ce rapport?;∎ now you're getting somewhere! enfin tu avances!;∎ I'm not getting anywhere or I'm getting nowhere with this project je fais du surplace avec ce projet;∎ we're not getting anywhere with this meeting cette réunion est une perte de temps;∎ she won't get anywhere or she'll get nowhere if she's rude to people elle n'arrivera à rien en étant grossière avec les gens;∎ where's your sister got to? où est passée ta sœur?;∎ where did my keys get to? où sont passées mes clés?∎ he got along the ledge as best he could il a avancé le long du rebord du mieux qu'il pouvait;∎ she got behind a tree elle s'est mise derrière un arbre;∎ to get into bed se coucher;∎ get in or into the car! monte dans la voiture!;∎ get over here! viens ici!;∎ we couldn't get past the truck nous ne pouvions pas passer le camion∎ each city is getting to look like another toutes les grandes villes commencent à se ressembler;∎ to get to know sb apprendre à connaître qn;∎ we got to like her husband nous nous sommes mis à apprécier ou à aimer son mari;∎ you'll get to like it in the end ça finira par te plaire;∎ his father got to hear of the rumours son père a fini par entendre les rumeurs;∎ he's getting to be known il commence à être connu, il se fait connaître;∎ they got to talking about the past ils en sont venus ou ils se sont mis à parler du passé∎ it's getting to be impossible to find a flat ça devient impossible de trouver un appartement;∎ she may get to be president one day elle pourrait devenir ou être président un jour;∎ they got to be friends ils sont devenus amis∎ we never got to see that film nous n'avons jamais réussi à ou nous ne sommes jamais arrivés à voir ce film;∎ I didn't get to speak to him in person je n'ai pas pu lui parler en personne∎ he never gets to stay up late on ne le laisse jamais se coucher tard□ ;∎ I never get to drive on ne me laisse jamais conduire□∎ get! fous le camp!, tire-toi!3 nounfamiliar (in tennis) beau retour□ m(a) (be up and about, move around) se déplacer;∎ how do you get about town? comment vous déplacez-vous en ville?;∎ she gets about on crutches/in a wheelchair elle se déplace avec des béquilles/en chaise roulante;∎ I don't get about much these days je ne me déplace pas beaucoup ces temps-ci∎ I get about quite a bit in my job je suis assez souvent en déplacement pour mon travail∎ she certainly gets about elle connaît beaucoup de monde(d) (story, rumour) se répandre, circuler;∎ the news or it got about that they were splitting up la nouvelle de leur séparation s'est répandue(a) (succeed in crossing) traverser, passer;∎ the river was flooded but we managed to get across la rivière était en crue mais nous avons réussi à traverser∎ our message is not getting across notre message ne passe pas(a) (over water, street → person) faire traverser;∎ we couldn't get the supplies across (across the river) nous ne pouvions pas faire passer les vivres de l'autre côté;∎ it was easy to get the people across (across the border) il était facile de faire passer les gens(b) (communicate) communiquer;∎ I can't seem to get the idea across to them je n'arrive pas à leur faire comprendre ça;∎ he managed to get his point across il a réussi à faire passer son messagepoursuivre(succeed) réussir, arriver;∎ to get ahead in life or in the world réussir dans la vie;∎ if you want to get ahead at the office, you have to work si tu veux de l'avancement au bureau, il faut que tu travailles(a) (fare, manage) aller;∎ how are you getting along? comment vas-tu?, comment ça va?;∎ she's getting along well in her new job elle se débrouille bien dans son nouveau travail;∎ we can get along without him nous pouvons nous passer de lui ou nous débrouiller sans lui(b) (advance, progress) avancer, progresser;∎ the patient is getting along nicely le patient est en bonne voie ou fait des progrès(c) (be on good terms) s'entendre;∎ we get along fine nous nous entendons très bien, nous faisons bon ménage;∎ she doesn't get along with my mother elle ne s'entend pas avec ma mère;∎ she's easy to get along with elle est facile à vivre∎ it's time for me to be getting along, it's time I was getting along il est temps que je parte;∎ I must be getting along to the office il faut que j'aille au bureau;∎ British get along with you! (leave) va-t'en!, fiche le camp!; familiar (I don't believe you) à d'autres!(obstacle, problem) contourner; (law, rule) tourner;∎ there's no getting around it, we'll have to tell her il n'y a pas d'autre moyen, il va falloir que nous le lui disions;∎ there's no getting around the fact that he lied to us il reste qu'il nous a menti∎ she won't get around to reading it before tomorrow elle n'arrivera pas à (trouver le temps de) le lire avant demain;∎ he finally got around to fixing the radiator il a fini par ou il est finalement arrivé à réparer le radiateur;∎ it was some time before I got around to writing to her j'ai mis pas mal de temps avant de lui écrire∎ I've put the pills where the children can't get at them j'ai mis les pilules là où les enfants ne peuvent pas les prendre;∎ familiar just let me get at him! si jamais il me tombe sous la main!(b) (discover) trouver;∎ to get at the truth découvrir la vérité(c) (mean, intend) entendre;∎ I see what you're getting at je vois où vous voulez en venir;∎ just what are you getting at? qu'est-ce que vous entendez par là?, où voulez-vous en venir?;∎ what I'm getting at is why did she leave now? ce que je veux dire, c'est pourquoi est-elle partie maintenant?∎ you're always getting at me tu t'en prends toujours à moi∎ the witnesses had been got at les témoins avaient été achetés➲ get away∎ she has to get away from home/her parents il faut qu'elle parte de chez elle/s'éloigne de ses parents;∎ I was in a meeting and couldn't get away j'étais en réunion et je ne pouvais pas m'échapper ou m'en aller;∎ will you be able to get away at Christmas? allez-vous pouvoir partir (en vacances) à Noël?;∎ to get away from the daily grind échapper au train-train quotidien;∎ get away from it all, come to Florida! quittez tout, venez en Floride!;∎ she's gone off for a couple of weeks to get away from it all elle est partie quelques semaines loin de tout(b) (move away) s'éloigner;∎ get away from that door! éloignez-vous ou écartez-vous de cette porte!;∎ get away from me! fichez-moi le camp!∎ the murderer got away l'assassin s'est échappé;∎ the thief got away with all the jewels le voleur est parti ou s'est sauvé avec tous les bijoux;∎ there's no getting away from or you can't get away from the fact that the other solution would have been cheaper on ne peut pas nier (le fait) que l'autre solution aurait coûté moins cher;∎ you can't get away from it, there's no getting away from it c'est comme ça, on n'y peut rien∎ get away (with you)! à d'autres!(remove → person) emmener;∎ get that child away from the road! éloignez cet enfant de la route!;∎ get me away from here! fais-moi sortir d'ici!;∎ get your dog away from my garden! faites sortir votre chien de mon jardin!;∎ they managed to get him away from the TV ils ont fini par l'arracher de devant la télévision;∎ to get sth away from sb prendre qch à qn∎ he got away with cheating on his taxes personne ne s'est aperçu qu'il avait fraudé le fisc;∎ I can't believe you got away with it! je n'arrive pas à croire que personne ne t'ait rien dit!;∎ he got away with a small fine il s'en est tiré avec une petite amende;∎ that child gets away with murder on laisse tout faire à ce gamin;∎ her skirt is really tiny but she gets away with it sa jupe est vraiment très courte mais elle peut se le permettre➲ get back(a) (move backwards) reculer;∎ get back! éloignez-vous!, reculez!∎ I can't wait to get back home je suis impatient de rentrer (à la maison);∎ get back in bed! va te recoucher!, retourne au lit!;∎ I got back in the car/on the bus je suis remonté dans la voiture/dans le bus;∎ to get back to sleep se rendormir;∎ to get back to work (after break) se remettre au travail; (after holiday, illness) reprendre le travail;∎ things eventually got back to normal les choses ont peu à peu repris leur cours (normal);∎ getting or to get back to the point pour en revenir au sujet qui nous préoccupe;∎ let's get back to your basic reasons for leaving revenons aux raisons pour lesquelles vous voulez partir;∎ I'll get back to you on that (call back) je vous rappelle pour vous dire ce qu'il en est; (discuss again) nous reparlerons de cela plus tard(c) (return to political power) revenir;∎ do you think the Democrats will get back in? croyez-vous que le parti démocrate reviendra au pouvoir?(a) (recover → something lost or lent) récupérer; (→ force, strength) reprendre, récupérer; (→ health, motivation) retrouver;∎ he got his job back il a été repris;∎ I got back nearly all the money I invested j'ai récupéré presque tout l'argent que j'avais investi;∎ you'll have to get your money back from the shop il faut que vous vous fassiez rembourser par le magasin∎ we have to get this book back to her il faut que nous lui rendions ce livre(c) (return to original place) remettre, replacer;∎ I can't get it back in the box je n'arrive pas à le remettre ou le faire rentrer dans le carton;∎ I want to get these suitcases back down to the cellar je veux redescendre ces valises à la cave;∎ he managed to get the children back to bed il a réussi à remettre les enfants au lit∎ to get one's own back (on sb) se venger (de qn)□se venger de;∎ he only said it to get back at him il n'a dit ça que pour se venger de lui(gen) rester à l'arrière, se laisser distancer; Sport se laisser distancer; figurative prendre du retard;∎ he got behind with his work il a pris du retard dans son travail;∎ we mustn't get behind with the rent il ne faut pas qu'on soit en retard pour le loyer(support, sympathize with) appuyer➲ get by∎ let me get by laissez-moi passer(b) (be acceptable) passer, être acceptable;∎ their work just about gets by leur travail est tout juste passable ou acceptable(c) (manage, survive) se débrouiller, s'en sortir;∎ how do you get by on that salary? comment tu te débrouilles ou tu t'en sors avec un salaire comme ça?;∎ they get by as best they can ils se débrouillent ou s'en sortent tant bien que mal;∎ we can get by without him nous pouvons nous passer de lui ou nous débrouiller sans lui∎ can you get by the washing machine? est-ce que vous avez assez de place pour passer à côté de la machine à laver?(b) (escape attention of → censor, editor) échapper à;∎ her film got by the censors son film a échappé à l'attention de la censure➲ get downdescendre;∎ get down off that chair! descends de cette chaise!;∎ may I get down (from the table)? (leave the table) puis-je sortir de table?;∎ they got down on their knees ils se sont mis à genoux;(a) (bring, fetch down → book from shelf etc) descendre(b) (reduce → temperature, inflation etc) faire baisser;∎ to get one's weight down perdre du poids(c) (write down) noter;∎ I didn't manage to get down what she said je n'ai pas réussi à noter ce qu'elle a dit∎ work is really getting me down at the moment le travail me déprime vraiment en ce moment;∎ this rainy weather gets him down cette pluie lui fiche le cafard;∎ don't let it get you down ne te laisse pas abattrese mettre à;∎ I have to get down to balancing the books il faut que je me mette à faire les comptes;∎ it's not so difficult once you get down to it ce n'est pas si difficile une fois qu'on s'y met;∎ he got down to working on it this morning il s'y est mis ou s'y est attelé ce matin;∎ it's hard getting down to work after the weekend c'est difficile de reprendre le travail après le week-end;∎ we eventually got down to details nous avons fini par en arriver aux détails;∎ when you get down to it, there's very little difference between them en fin de compte, il y a très peu de différence entre eux➲ get in(a) (into building) entrer;∎ the thief got in through the window le cambrioleur est entré par la fenêtre;∎ a car pulled up and she got in une voiture s'est arrêtée et elle est montée dedans;∎ water had got in everywhere l'eau avait pénétré partout(b) (return home) rentrer;∎ we got in about 4 a.m. nous sommes rentrés vers 4 heures du matin∎ what time does your plane get in? à quelle heure ton avion arrive-t-il?(d) (be admitted → to club) se faire admettre; (→ to school, university) entrer, être admis ou reçu;∎ he applied to Oxford but he didn't get in il voulait entrer à Oxford mais il n'a pas pu∎ she got in at the beginning elle est arrivée au début□(g) (interject) glisser;∎ "what about me?" she managed to get in "et moi?" réussit-elle à glisser∎ I hope to get in a bit of reading on holiday j'espère pouvoir lire ou que je trouverai le temps de lire pendant mes vacances;∎ she got in some last-minute revision before the exam elle a réussi à faire des révisions de dernière minute avant l'examen∎ I couldn't get a word in je n'ai pas pu placer un mot, je n'ai pas pu en placer une∎ I must get in some more coal je dois faire une provision de charbon;∎ to get in supplies s'approvisionner∎ shouldn't Elaine be in on this meeting? - of course, could you get her in? on n'a pas besoin d'Elaine pour cette réunion? - si, bien sûr, tu peux lui demander de venir?(f) (hand in, submit) rendre, remettre;∎ did you get your application in on time? as-tu remis ton dossier de candidature à temps?(g) (cause to be admitted → to club, university) faire admettre ou accepter; (cause to be elected) faire élire∎ he got the next round in il a payé la tournée suivante(building) entrer dans; (vehicle) monter dans;∎ he had just got in the door when the phone rang il venait juste d'arriver ou d'entrer quand le téléphone a sonné∎ to get in on a deal prendre part à un marché;∎ to get in on the fun se mettre de la partiefaire participer à;∎ he got me in on the deal il m'a intéressé à l'affaire➲ get into(b) (arrive in) arriver à;∎ we get into Madrid at 3 o'clock nous arrivons à Madrid à 3 heures;∎ the train got into the station le train est entré en gare(c) (put on → dress, shirt, shoes) mettre; (→ trousers, stockings) enfiler, mettre; (→ coat) endosser;∎ she got into her clothes elle a mis ses vêtements ou s'est habillée;∎ can you still get into your jeans? est-ce que tu rentres encore dans ton jean?(d) (be admitted to → club, school, university) entrer dans;∎ he'd like to get into the club il voudrait devenir membre du club;∎ her daughter got into medical school sa fille a été admise dans ou est entrée dans une école de médecine;∎ to get into office être élu∎ he wants to get into politics il veut se lancer dans la politique;∎ they got into a conversation about South Africa ils se sont mis à parler de l'Afrique du Sud;∎ we got into a fight over who had to do the dishes nous nous sommes disputés pour savoir qui devait faire la vaisselle;∎ this is not the moment to get into that ce n'est pas le moment de parler de ça∎ he got into Eastern religions il a commencé à s'intéresser aux religions orientales;∎ it's a hard book to get into c'est un livre dans lequel il est difficile de rentrer □∎ he soon got into her way of doing things il s'est vite fait ou s'est vite mis à sa façon de faire les choses∎ to get into debt s'endetter;∎ he got into a real mess il s'est mis dans un vrai pétrin;∎ the children were always getting into mischief les enfants passaient leur temps à faire des bêtises;∎ I got into a real state about the test j'étais dans tous mes états à cause du test;∎ she got into trouble with the teacher elle a eu des ennuis avec le professeur(i) (cause to act strangely) prendre;∎ what's got into you? qu'est-ce qui te prend?, quelle mouche te pique?;∎ I wonder what got into him to make him act like that je me demande ce qui l'a poussé à réagir comme ça∎ to get sth into sth (faire) (r)entrer qch dans qch;∎ to get the key into the lock mettre ou introduire la clef dans la serrure;∎ to get an article into a paper faire accepter un article par un journal;∎ to get an idea into one's head se mettre une idée en tête;∎ familiar when will you get it into your thick head that I don't want to go? quand est-ce que tu vas enfin comprendre que je ne veux pas y aller?□∎ he got his friend into the club il a permis à son ami de devenir membre du club;∎ the president got his son into Harvard le président a fait entrer ou accepter ou admettre son fils à Harvard∎ she got herself into a terrible state elle s'est mis dans tous ses états;∎ he got them into a lot of trouble il leur a attiré de gros ennuis(d) (involve in) impliquer dans, entraîner dans;∎ you're the one who got us into this c'est toi qui nous as embarqués dans cette histoire(e) familiar (make interested in) faire découvrir□ ; (accustom to) habituer à□, faire prendre l'habitude de□ ;∎ he got me into jazz il m'a initié au jazz□(a) (ingratiate oneself with) s'insinuer dans ou s'attirer les bonnes grâces de, se faire bien voir de;∎ they tried to get in with the new director ils ont essayé de se faire bien voir du nouveau directeur(b) (associate with → person, group etc) fréquenter;∎ he has got in with a new gang il n'est pas plus avec la même bande;∎ she got in with the wrong crowd at school elle avait de mauvaises fréquentations à l'école➲ get off(a) (leave bus, train etc) descendre;∎ get off at the next stop descendez au prochain arrêt;∎ familiar I told him where to get off! je l'ai envoyé sur les roses!, je l'ai envoyé promener!;∎ familiar where do you get off telling me what to do? qu'est-ce qui te prend de me dicter ce que je dois faire?(b) (depart → person) s'en aller, partir; (→ car) démarrer; (→ plane) décoller; (→ letter, parcel) partir;∎ I have to be getting off to work il faut que j'aille au travail;∎ figurative the project got off to a bad/good start le projet a pris un mauvais/bon départ∎ what time do you get off? à quelle heure finissez-vous?;∎ can you get off early tomorrow? peux-tu quitter le travail de bonne heure demain?(d) (escape punishment) s'en sortir, s'en tirer, en être quitte;∎ she didn't think she'd get off so lightly elle n'espérait pas s'en tirer à si bon compte;∎ the students got off with a fine/warning les étudiants en ont été quittes pour une amende/un avertissement(e) (let go of something) lâcher;∎ hey! get off! that's MY book! hé! laisse ça! c'est mon livre ou c'est à moi ce livre!(f) (go to sleep) s'endormir(a) (leave → bus, train, plane etc) descendre de(b) (descend from → bike, wall, chair etc) descendre de;∎ he got off his horse il est descendu de cheval;∎ if only the boss would get off my back si seulement le patron me fichait la paix(c) (depart from) partir de, décamper de;∎ get off my property fichez le camp de chez moi;∎ get off the grass! ne marche pas sur la pelouse!;∎ we got off the road to let the ambulance pass nous sommes sortis de la route pour laisser passer l'ambulance∎ get off me! laisse-moi tranquille!, lâche-moi!∎ she managed to get off work elle a réussi à se libérer;∎ how did you get off doing the housework? comment as-tu fait pour échapper au ménage?(a) (cause to leave, climb down) faire descendre;∎ get the cat off the table fais descendre le chat de (sur) la table;∎ the conductor got the passengers off the train le conducteur a fait descendre les passagers du train;∎ figurative try to get her mind off her troubles essaie de lui changer les idées∎ I want to get this letter off je veux expédier cette lettre ou mettre cette lettre à la poste;∎ she got the boys off to school elle a expédié ou envoyé les garçons à l'école;∎ we got him off on the morning train nous l'avons mis au train du matin∎ I can't get this ink off my hands je n'arrive pas à faire partir cette encre de mes mains;∎ get your hands off that cake! ne touche pas à ce gâteau!;∎ get your hands off me! ne me touche pas!;∎ get your feet off the table! enlève tes pieds de sur la table!;∎ figurative he'd like to get that house off his hands il aimerait bien se débarrasser de cette maison∎ he'll need a good lawyer to get him off il lui faudra un bon avocat pour se tirer d'affaire;∎ to get sb off doing sth dispenser qn de faire qch(e) (put to sleep) endormir;∎ I've just managed to get the baby off (to sleep) je viens de réussir à endormir le bébé∎ to get a day/week off prendre un jour/une semaine de congé;∎ can you get tomorrow afternoon/next week off? est-ce que tu peux prendre un congé demain après-midi/la semaine prochaine?∎ to get sth off sb obtenir qch de qn;∎ I got that story off the woman next door je tiens cette histoire de la voisine;∎ I got this cold off the woman next door la voisine m'a passé son rhume∎ he gets off on pornographic films il prend son pied en regardant des films pornos;∎ is that what you get off on? c'est comme ça que tu prends ton pied?;∎ figurative he gets off on teasing people il adore taquiner les gens□ ;∎ I really get off on hip-hop! j'adore le hip-hop!□∎ he gets off on heroin il se défonce à l'héroïne∎ to get off with sb faire une touche avec qn➲ get on(b) (fare, manage)∎ how's your husband getting on? comment va votre mari?;∎ how did he get on at the interview? comment s'est passé son entretien?, comment ça a marché pour son entretien?;∎ you'll get on far better if you think about it first tout ira mieux si tu réfléchis avant(c) (make progress) avancer, progresser;∎ Jennifer is getting on very well in maths Jennifer se débrouille très bien en maths;∎ how's your work getting on? ça avance, ton travail?∎ to get on in life or in the world faire son chemin ou réussir dans la vie;∎ some say that in order to get on, you often have to compromise il y a des gens qui disent que pour réussir (dans la vie), il faut souvent faire des compromis(e) (continue) continuer;∎ we must be getting on il faut que nous partions;∎ do you think we can get on with the meeting now? croyez-vous que nous puissions poursuivre notre réunion maintenant?;∎ get on with your work! allez! au travail!;∎ they got on with the job ils se sont remis au travail(f) (be on good terms) s'entendre;∎ my mother and I get on well je m'entends bien avec ma mère;∎ they don't get on ils ne s'entendent pas;∎ she's never got on with him elle ne s'est jamais entendue avec lui;∎ to be difficult/easy to get on with être difficile/facile à vivre(g) (grow late → time)∎ time's getting on il se fait tard;∎ it was getting on in the evening, the evening was getting on la soirée tirait à sa fin(h) (grow old → person) se faire vieux (vieille);∎ she's getting on (in years) elle commence à se faire vieille∎ get on with it! (continue speaking) continuez!; (continue working) allez! au travail!; (hurry up) mais dépêchez-vous enfin!;∎ familiar get on with you! (I don't believe you) à d'autres!(bus, train) monter dans; (plane) monter dans, monter à bord de; (ship) monter à bord de; (bed, horse, table, bike) monter sur;∎ he got on his bike il est monté sur ou il a enfourché son vélo;∎ get on your feet levez-vous, mettez-vous debout;∎ how did these papers get on my desk? comment est-ce que ces papiers se sont retrouvés ou sont arrivés sur mon bureau?;∎ figurative it took the patient a while to get (back) on his feet le patient a mis longtemps à se remettre∎ they got him on his feet ils l'ont mis debout;∎ figurative the doctor got her on her feet le médecin l'a remise sur pied∎ I can't get these trousers on any more je n'entre plus dans ce pantalon∎ to get it on (get started) s'y mettre□∎ the president is getting on for sixty le président approche de la soixantaine ou a presque soixante ans;∎ it's getting on for midnight il est presque minuit, il n'est pas loin de minuit;∎ it's getting on for three weeks since we saw her ça va faire bientôt trois semaines que nous ne l'avons pas vue;∎ there were getting on for ten thousand demonstrators il n'y avait pas loin ou il y avait près de dix mille manifestants➲ get onto∎ to get onto a subject or onto a topic aborder un sujet;∎ how did we get onto reincarnation? comment est-ce qu'on en est venus à parler de réincarnation?;∎ I'll get right onto it! je vais m'y mettre tout de suite!(c) (contact) prendre contact avec, se mettre en rapport avec; (speak to) parler à; (call) téléphoner à, donner un coup de fil à∎ the plan worked well until the police got onto it le plan marchait bien jusqu'à ce que la police tombe dessus(e) (nag, rebuke) harceler;∎ his father is always getting onto him to find a job son père est toujours à le harceler pour qu'il trouve du travail∎ he got onto the school board il a été élu au conseil d'administration de l'école(b) (cause to talk about) faire parler de, amener à parler de;∎ we got him onto (the subject of) his activities in the Resistance nous l'avons amené à parler de ses activités dans la Résistance➲ get out(a) (leave building, room etc) sortir; (leave vehicle) descendre; (leave organization, town) quitter;∎ he got out of the car il est sorti de la voiture;∎ to get out of bed se lever, sortir de son lit;∎ you'd better get out of here tu ferais bien de partir ou sortir;∎ get out! sortez!;∎ to get out while the going is good partir au bon moment∎ they don't get out much ils ne sortent pas beaucoup(c) (be released from prison, hospital) sortir(d) (information, news) se répandre, s'ébruiter;∎ the secret got out le secret a été éventé∎ the prisoner got out of his cell le prisonnier s'est échappé de sa cellule;∎ he was lucky to get out alive il a eu de la chance de s'en sortir vivant∎ theaters were getting out les gens sortaient des théâtres∎ to get a book out from the library emprunter un livre à la bibliothèque(c) (speak with difficulty) prononcer, sortir;∎ I could barely get a word out c'est à peine si je pouvais dire ou prononcer ou sortir un mot;∎ familiar to get out from under s'en sortir□, s'en tirer□(d) (free → hostages etc) libérer∎ let's get out of here partons d'ici;∎ he managed to get out of the country (criminal, refugee) il a réussi à quitter le pays;∎ to get out of bed se lever;∎ to get out of prison/the army sortir de prison/quitter l'armée;∎ to get out of sb's way s'écarter du chemin de qn, faire place à qn;∎ very familiar get the hell out of here! fiche(-moi) le camp!∎ how did you get out of doing the dishes? comment as-tu pu échapper à la vaisselle?;∎ he tried to get out of helping me il a essayé de se débrouiller pour ne pas devoir m'aider;∎ we have to go, there's no getting out of it il faut qu'on y aille, il n'y a rien à faire ou il n'y a pas moyen d'y échapper;∎ there's no getting out of it, you were the better candidate il faut le reconnaître ou il n'y a pas à dire, vous étiez le meilleur candidat∎ to get out of trouble se tirer d'affaire;∎ they managed to get out of the clutches of the mafia ils ont réussi à se tirer des griffes de la mafia;∎ how can I get out of this mess? comment puis-je me tirer de ce pétrin?∎ to get out of (the habit of) doing sth perdre l'habitude de faire qch(a) (take out of) sortir de;∎ get the baby out of the house every now and then sors le bébé de temps en temps;∎ she got a handkerchief out of her handbag elle a sorti un mouchoir de son sac à main;∎ how many books did you get out of the library? combien de livres as-tu emprunté à ou sorti de la bibliothèque?∎ the lawyer got his client out of jail l'avocat a fait sortir son client de prison;∎ figurative the phone call got her out of having to talk to me le coup de fil lui a évité d'avoir à me parler;∎ he'll never get himself out of this one! il ne s'en sortira jamais!;∎ my confession got him out of trouble ma confession l'a tiré d'affaire(c) (extract → cork) sortir de; (→ nail, splinter) enlever de; (→ stain) faire partir de, enlever de;∎ I can't get the cork out of the bottle je n'arrive pas à déboucher la bouteille;∎ the police got a confession/the truth out of him la police lui a arraché une confession/la vérité;∎ we got the money out of him nous avons réussi à obtenir l'argent de lui;∎ I can't get anything out of him je ne peux rien tirer de lui;∎ I can't get the idea out of my mind je ne peux pas chasser cette idée de mon esprit(d) (gain from) gagner, retirer;∎ to get a lot out of sth tirer (un) grand profit de qch;∎ I didn't get much out of that class ce cours ne m'a pas apporté grand-chose, je n'ai pas retiré grand-chose de ce cours;∎ the job was difficult but she got something out of it la tâche était difficile, mais elle y a trouvé son compte ou en a tiré profit➲ get over(b) (recover from → illness) se remettre de, guérir de; (→ accident) se remettre de; (→ loss) se remettre de, se consoler de;∎ I'll never get over her je ne l'oublierai jamais;∎ he can't get over her death il n'arrive pas à se remettre de sa mort ou disparition;∎ we couldn't get over our surprise nous n'arrivions pas à nous remettre de notre surprise;∎ I can't get over how much he's grown! qu'est-ce qu'il a grandi, je n'en reviens pas!;∎ I can't get over it! je n'en reviens pas!;∎ he couldn't get over the fact that she had come back il n'en revenait pas qu'elle soit revenue;∎ I can't get over your having refused je n'en reviens pas que vous ayez refusé;∎ he'll get over it! il n'en mourra pas!∎ they soon got over their shyness ils ont vite oublié ou surmonté leur timidité(a) (cause to cross) faire traverser(b) (communicate → idea, message) faire passer∎ to get over to France/America aller en France/Amérique;∎ we'll try to get over next weekend (to visit) nous essayerons de venir vous voir le week-end prochain(b) (idea, message) passer(finish with) en finir avec;∎ let's get it over with finissons-en;∎ I expect you'll be glad to get it over with j'imagine que vous serez soulagé quand ce sera terminé∎ (bring, take) I'll get the books round (to you) as soon as I can je t'apporterai les livres dès que je le pourrai(b) the doctor said she'd get round as soon as she could le docteur a dit qu'elle viendrait ou passerait dès qu'elle pourrait;∎ I didn't manage to get round to each pupil in the class je n'ai pas réussi à m'occuper de chaque élève de la classe(a) (reach destination) parvenir;∎ the road was blocked and no one could get through la route était bloquée et personne ne pouvait passer;∎ they managed to get through to the wounded ils ont réussi à parvenir jusqu'aux blessés;∎ the letter got through to her la lettre lui est parvenue;∎ the message didn't get through le message n'est pas arrivé;∎ despite the crowds, I managed to get through malgré la foule, j'ai réussi à passer∎ the team got through to the final l'équipe s'est classée pour la finale(c) (bill, motion) passer, être adopté ou voté(d) (make oneself understood) se faire comprendre;∎ I can't seem to get through to her elle et moi ne sommes pas sur la même longueur d'onde∎ I can't get through to his office je n'arrive pas à avoir son bureau∎ call me when you get through appelez-moi quand vous aurez ou avez fini(a) (come through → hole, window) passer par; (→ crowd) se frayer un chemin à travers ou dans; (→ military lines) percer, franchir∎ he got through it alive il s'en est sorti (vivant)∎ I got through an enormous amount of work j'ai abattu beaucoup de travail;∎ it took us one week to get through the entire play il nous a fallu une semaine pour venir à bout de la pièce(d) (consume, use up) consommer, utiliser;∎ we get through a litre of olive oil a week nous utilisons un litre d'huile d'olive par semaine;∎ they got through their monthly salary in one week en une semaine ils avaient dépensé tout leur salaire du mois;∎ he gets through eight shirts a week il salit huit chemises par semaine;∎ we'll never get through all this food nous ne viendrons jamais à bout de toute cette nourriture(e) (endure, pass → time) faire passer;∎ how will I get through this without you? comment pourrai-je vivre cette épreuve sans toi?;∎ they got through the day without a single argument ils ne se sont pas disputés une seule fois de toute la journée;∎ the Government may have difficulty getting through another six months le gouvernement aura peut-être du mal à tenir encore six mois(g) (of bill, motion) passer;∎ the bill got through both Houses le projet de loi a été adopté par les deux Chambres(a) (transport, send successfully) faire parvenir;∎ they got the food supplies through ils ont réussi à faire parvenir les provisions alimentaires (à destination);∎ to get sth through customs (faire) passer qch à la douane;∎ you'll never get that desk through tu n'arriveras jamais à faire passer ce bureau(b) (transmit → message) faire passer, transmettre, faire parvenir;∎ can you get this letter through to my family? pouvez-vous transmettre ou faire parvenir cette lettre à ma famille?∎ I finally got it through to him that I wasn't interested j'ai fini par lui faire comprendre que je n'étais pas intéressé;∎ familiar when will you get it through your thick head that I don't want to go? quand est-ce que tu vas enfin comprendre que je ne veux pas y aller?□(d) (bill, motion) faire adopter, faire passer;∎ the party got the bill through the Senate le parti a fait voter ou adopter le projet de loi par le Sénat∎ it was your essay that got you through (the exam) c'est grâce à ta dissertation que tu as réussi l'examen∎ I need four cups of coffee to get me through the day il me faut mes quatre tasses de café par jourterminer, finir∎ where have you got to? (in book, work) où en es-tu?;∎ it got to the point where he couldn't walk another step il en est arrivé au point de ne plus pouvoir faire un pas(b) (deal with) s'occuper de;∎ I'll get to you in a minute je suis à toi ou je m'occupe de toi dans quelques secondes;∎ he'll get to it tomorrow il va s'en occuper demain∎ that music really gets to me (moves me) cette musique me touche vraiment□ ; (annoys me) cette musique me tape sur le système;∎ don't let it get to you! ne t'énerve pas pour ça!∎ can we get together after the meeting? on peut se retrouver après la réunion?(b) (reach an agreement) se mettre d'accord;∎ the committee got together on the date les membres du comité se sont entendus ou se sont mis d'accord sur la date;∎ you'd better get together with him on the proposal vous feriez bien de vous entendre avec lui au sujet de la proposition∎ to get some money together réunir une somme d'argent;∎ let me get my thoughts together laissez-moi rassembler mes idées;∎ familiar to get one's act together se secouer;∎ familiar she's really got it together (in life) elle sait ce qu'elle fait□ ; (in job etc) elle domine son sujet□ ;∎ familiar I never thought he would get it together je n'aurais jamais pensé qu'il y arriverait□➲ get up(a) (arise from bed) se lever;∎ it was 6 o'clock when we got up il était 6 heures quand nous nous sommes levés;∎ I like to get up late on Sundays j'aime faire la grasse matinée le dimanche;∎ get up! sors du lit!, debout!, lève-toi!(b) (rise to one's feet) se lever, se mettre debout;∎ she had to get up from her chair elle a été obligée de se lever de sa chaise;∎ to get up from the table se lever ou sortir de table;∎ get up off the floor! relève-toi!;∎ please don't bother getting up restez assis, je vous prie(c) (climb up) monter;∎ they got up on the roof ils sont montés sur le toit;∎ she got up behind him on the motorcycle elle est montée derrière lui sur la moto∎ get up! allez!∎ how are we going to get this desk up to the fifth floor? comment allons-nous monter ce bureau jusqu'au cinquième étage?;∎ to get sb up the stairs (help climb) aider qn à monter l'escalier(c) (generate, work up)∎ to get up speed gagner de la vitesse;∎ to get one's courage up rassembler son courage;∎ I can't get up any enthusiasm for the job je n'arrive pas à éprouver d'enthousiasme pour ce travail(d) familiar (organize → entertainment, party) organiser□, monter□ ; (→ petition) organiser□ ; (→ play) monter□ ; (→ excuse, story) fabriquer□, forger□∎ their children are always so nicely got up leurs enfants sont toujours si bien habillés;∎ to get oneself up se mettre sur son trente et un∎ to get it up bander∎ he gets up to all kinds of mischief il fait des tas de bêtises;∎ what have you been getting up to lately? qu'est-ce que tu deviens?∎ I've got up to chapter 5 j'en suis au chapitre 5;∎ where have you got up to? (in book, work) où en êtes-vous? -
106 Henson, William Samuel
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 3 May 1812 Nottingham, Englandd. 22 March 1888 New Jersey, USA[br]English (naturalized American) inventor who patented a design for an "aerial steam carriage" and combined with John Stringfellow to build model aeroplanes.[br]William Henson worked in the lacemaking industry and in his spare time invented many mechanical devices, from a breech-loading cannon to an ice-machine. It could be claimed that he invented the airliner, for in 1842 he prepared a patent (granted in 1843) for an "aerial steam carriage". The patent application was not just a vague outline, but contained detailed drawings of a large monoplane with an enclosed fuselage to accommodate the passengers and crew. It was to be powered by a steam engine driving two pusher propellers aft of the wing. Henson had followed the lead give by Sir George Cayley in his basic layout, but produced a very much more advanced structural design with cambered wings strengthened by streamlined bracing wires: the intended wing-span was 150 ft (46 m). Henson probably discussed the design of the steam engine and boiler with his friend John Stringfellow (who was also in the lacemaking industry). Stringfellow joined Henson and others to found the Aerial Transit Company, which was set up to raise the finance needed to build Henson's machine. A great publicity campaign was mounted with artists' impressions of the "aerial steam carriage" flying over London, India and even the pyramids. Passenger-carrying services to India and China were proposed, but the whole project was far too optimistic to attract support from financiers and the scheme foundered. Henson and Stringfellow drew up an agreement in December 1843 to construct models which would prove the feasibility of an "aerial machine". For the next five years they pursued this aim, with no real success. In 1848 Henson and his wife emigrated to the United States to further his career in textiles. He became an American citizen and died there at the age of 75.[br]BibliographyHenson's diary is preserved by the Institute of Aeronautical Sciences in the USA. Henson's patent of 1842–3 is reproduced in Balantyne and Pritchard (1956) and Davy (1931) (see below).Further ReadingH.Penrose, 1988, An Ancient Air: A Biography of John Stringfellow, Shrewsbury.A.M.Balantyne and J.L.Pritchard, 1956, "The lives and work of William Samuel Henson and John Stringfellow", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (June) (an attempt to analyse conflicting evidence; includes a reproduction of Henson's patent).M.J.B.Davy, 1931, Henson and Stringfellow, London (an earlier work with excellent drawings from Henson's patent).JDS -
107 Wolf, Carl
SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology[br]b. 23 December 1838 Zwickau, Saxony, Germanyd. 30 January 1915 Zwickau, Saxony, Germany[br]German inventor of the most popular petroleum spirit safety lamp for use in mines.[br]From an old mining family in the Saxon coalfields, Wolf was aware from his youth of the urgent demand for a miner's lamp which would provide adequate light but not provoke firedamp explosions. While working as an engineer in Zwickau, Wolf spent his spare time conducting experiments for such a lamp. The basic concept of his invention was the principle that dangerous concentrations of methane and air would not explode within a small pipe; this had been established almost seventy years earlier by the English chemist Humphrey Davy. By combining and developing certain devices designed by earlier inventors, in 1883 Wolf produced a prototype with a glass cylinder, a primer fixed inside the lamp and a magnetic lock. Until the successful application of electric light, Wolfs invention was the safest and most popular mining safety lamp. Many earlier inventions had failed to address all the problems of lighting for mines; Davy's lamp, for example, would too quickly become sooty and hot. As Wolfs lamp burned petroleum spirit, at first it was mistrusted outside Saxony, but it successfully passed the safety tests in all the leading coal-producing countries at that time. As well as casting a safe, constant light, the appearance of the cap flame could indicate the concentration of fire-damp in the air, thus providing an additional safety measure. Wolfs first patent was soon followed by many others in several countries, and underwent many developments. In 1884 Heinrich Friemann, a merchant from Eisleben, invested capital in the new company of Friemann and Wolf, which became the leading producer of miners' safety lamps. By 1914 they had manufactured over one million lamps, and the company had branches in major mining districts worldwide.[br]Further ReadingF.Schwarz, 1914, Entwickelung und gegenwär-tiger Stand der Grubenbeleuchtung beim Steinkohlen-Bergbau, Gelsenkirchen (a systematic historical outline of safety lamp designs).WK -
108 for
adjust for heightрегулировать по высотеair operation for hireвоздушная перевозка по наймуair operation for remunerationвоздушная перевозка за платуapplication for certificationзаявка на сертификациюarrangement for airworthinessсоглашение по вопросам летной годностиavailable for daylight operationпригодный для полета только в светлое время сутокbound forнаправляющийся вcertificate of safety for flightсвидетельство о допуске к полетамcharge for serviceсбор за обслуживаниеcheck for leakageпроверять на наличие течиcheck for parallelismпроверять на параллельностьclearance for straight-in approachразрешение на заход на посадку с прямойclearance for takeoffразрешение на взлетcleared for takeoffвзлет разрешенcleared for taxiруление разрешеноclear for takeoffдавать разрешение на взлетclear for the left-hand turnдавать разрешение на левый разворотCommission for aeronautical MeteorologyКомиссия по авиационной метеорологииCommission for basic SystemsКомиссия по основным системамcorrect for cross windпарировать сносcorrection for biasпоправка на смещениеdirection for landingнаправление посадкиEconomic Commission for EuropeЕвропейская экономическая комиссияfare for carriageтариф за перевозкуfee for each exceeding tonсбор за каждую дополнительную тоннуfit for serviceбыть годным к эксплуатацииfor reasons of safetyв целях безопасностиgood for carriageпригодный для перевозокinapt for flyingбыть непригодным к полетамinspect for cracksпроверять на наличие трещинInternational commission for Air NavigationМеждународная комиссия по аэронавигацииpermission for operationразрешение на выполнение полетаpermit for carriageразрешать перевозкуprepare for landingприготавливаться к посадкеprepare for serviceприводить в рабочее состояниеProcedures for Air Navigation ServicesПравила аэронавигационного обслуживанияprovisions for emergenciesмеры на случай аварийных ситуацийrating for pilotквалификационная отметка пилотаreadiness for takeoffготовность к взлетуready for assemblyготовый к сборкеreceive for storageпринимать на хранениеrecommendations for standards, practices and proceduresрекомендации по стандартам, практике и правиламregulations for preventing collisions over seaруководство по предупреждению столкновений над моремreport for takeoffсводка для взлетаrequest certification forзапрашивать разрешение на сертификациюstopping for nontraffic purposeостановка с некоммерческими целямиsurcharge for a stopoverдоплата за дополнительную остановкуtaxi in for parkingзаруливать на место стоянкиtest gears for smoothпроверять шестерни на плавность зацепленияtrim for nose-up pitchingкомпенсировать кабрирование -
109 speed
speed nскоростьaccelerate to the speedразгонять до скоростиactual speedпутевая скоростьaircraft speedскорость воздушного суднаairscrew blade speedокружная скорость лопасти воздушного винтаall engines speedскорость при всех работающих двигателяхallowable speedдопустимая скоростьangular speedугловая скоростьapproach speedскорость захода на посадкуat a speed ofна скоростиat full speedна полной скоростиattain the speedразвивать заданную скоростьbasic speedисправленная скорость(с учетом погрешности измерения) block speedкоммерческая скоростьbrake application speedскорость начала торможенияbuffeting onset speedскорость возникновения бафтингаbug speedскорость, заданная подвижным индексом(прибора) circumferential speedокружная скоростьclimb-out speedскорость набора высоты при выходе из зоныclosing speedскорость сближения(воздушных судов) constant speed driveпривод постоянных оборотовconstant speed drive systemсистема привода с постоянной скоростьюconstant speed drive turbineтурбина привода постоянных оборотовcontrol speedэволютивная скоростьМинимально допустимая скорость при сохранении управляемости. critical engine failure speedскорость при отказе критического двигателяcritical speedкритическая(максимально допустимая скорость при сохранении управляемости) cruising speedкрейсерская скоростьcruising speeds rangeпредел скоростей на крейсерском режимеdecision speedскорость принятия решения(пилотом) decrease the speedуменьшать скоростьdecreasing speedскорость замедленияdegeneration speedскорость затухания(звукового удара) demonstrated speedфактическая скоростьdesign speedрасчетная скоростьdive speedскорость пикированияeconomic speedэкономическая скорость(при минимальном расходе топлива) emergency descent speedскорость при аварийном сниженииengine speed holdupзависание оборотов двигателяengine speed lossпадение оборотов двигателяengine takeoff speedчисло оборотов двигателя на взлетном режимеen-route climb speedскорость набора высоты при полете по маршрутуexit design speedрасчетная скорость схода(с ВПП) fan tip speedокружная скорость лопатки вентилятораflaps speedскорость при выпуске закрылковflaps-up climbing speedскорость набора высоты с убранными закрылкамиflaps-up climb speedскорость набора высоты с убранными закрылкамиflight idle speedскорость полета на малом газеflight speedскорость полетаflutter onset speedскорость возникновения флаттераforward speedпоступательная скоростьforward speed effectэффект скорости поступательного движенияfree speed returnсамопроизвольное восстановление скоростиgain the speedразвивать заданную скоростьgather the speedнаращивать скоростьgliding speedскорость планированияgoverned speedрегулируемая скоростьground speedпутевая скорость(скорость воздушного судна относительно земли) ground speed indicatorуказатель путевой скоростиground speed vectorвектор путевой скоростиgust peak speedмаксимальная скорость порыва(воздушной массы) headwind speedскорость встречного ветраhigh speed taxiwayскоростная рулежная дорожкаhold the speed accuratelyточно выдерживать скоростьhump speedкритическая скоростьhypersonic speedгиперзвуковая скоростьidle speed adjustmentрегулировка оборотов малого газаincrease the speedувеличивать скоростьinitial climb speedскорость первоначального этапа набора высотыinstantaneous vertical speedмгновенная вертикальная скорость(полета) kill the landing speedгасить посадочную скоростьlanding approach speedскорость захода на посадкуlanding gear operating speedскорость выпуска - уборки шассиlanding speedпосадочная скоростьlevel-flight speedскорость горизонтального полетаliftoff speedскорость отрыва(при разбеге) limit speed switchсигнализатор достижения предельной скоростиlinear speedлинейная скоростьlong-range cruise speedкрейсерская скорость для полета максимальной дальностиlose the speedтерять заданную скоростьmaintain the flying speedвыдерживать требуемую скорость полетаmanoeuvring speedскорость маневрированияmaximum limit speedмаксимально допустимая скоростьmaximum speed governorрегулятор максимальных оборотовmaximum speed limiting systemсистема ограничения максимальных оборотовmaximum threshold speedмаксимально допустимая скорость прохождения порога ВППmean speedсредняя скоростьminimum flying speedминимальная скорость полетаminimum landing speedминимальная посадочная скоростьminimum takeoff safety speedминимальная безопасная скорость взлетаminimum threshold speedминимально допустимая скорость прохождения порога ВППminimum unstick speedминимальная скорость отрываnear-sonic speedоколозвуковая скоростьnever-exceed speedмаксимально допустимая скоростьno-flap approach speedскорость захода на посадку с убранными закрылкамиno-flap climb speedскорость набора высоты с убранными закрылкамиno-flap - no-slat approach speedскорость захода на посадку с убранной механизацией крылаno-slat approach speedскорость захода на посадку с убранными предкрылкамиobtain the flying speedнабирать заданную скорость полетаon the speedна скоростиopening speedскорость раскрытия(парашюта) operating speedэксплуатационная скоростьovertaking speedскорость обгона(воздушного судна) permissible operating speedдопустимая эксплуатационная скоростьpick up the speedразвивать заданную скоростьprestall speedскорость перед сваливанием(на крыло) propeller tip speedокружная скорость законцовки воздушного винтаreach the speedдостигать заданных оборотовreference flight speedрасчетная скорость полетаregain the speedвосстанавливать скоростьrotational speedскорость вращенияrotation speedскорость отрыва носового колеса(при взлете) rotor speed governorограничитель оборотов ротораrotor speed marginзапас по оборотам несущего винтаrough-air speedскорость в условиях турбулентностиsafety speedбезопасная скоростьset up the speedзадавать определенную скоростьsideward flight speedскорость бокового движения(вертолета) sink speedскорость парашютирования(при посадке) slowest initial speedнаименьшая начальная скорость(полета) sonic speedскорость звукаspeed abilityскоростная характеристикаspeed at takeoff climbскорость на начальном участке набора высоты при взлетеspeed bleedoffгашение скоростейspeed brakeаэродинамический тормозspeed brake systemсистема аэродинамических тормозовspeed control areaзона выдерживания скоростиspeed control systemсистема управления скоростью(полета) speed downзамедлять скоростьspeed drive governorрегулятор привода оборотовspeed dropпадение оборотовspeed governorрегулятор оборотовspeed governor adjustmentнастройка регулятора оборотовspeed holdingвыдерживание скоростиspeed increaseувеличение скоростиspeed in landing configurationскорость при посадочной(конфигурации воздушного судна) speed in takeoff configurationскорость при взлетной(конфигурации воздушного судна) speed limitationограничение числа оборотовspeed marginзапас скоростиspeed pointerуказатель скоростиspeed rangeдиапазон скоростейspeed stabilityустойчивость по скоростиspeed warning relayреле максимальной скоростиspoiler extended speedскорость при выпущенных интерцепторахstalling speedскорость сваливания(на крыло) steady flight speedскорость установившегося полетаsubsonic speedдозвуковая скоростьsudden speed riseрезкое увеличение оборотовsufficient speedзаданная скоростьsupersonic speedсверхзвуковая скоростьsurface wind speedскорость ветра у поверхности(земли) tailwind speedскорость попутного ветраtakeoff safety speedбезопасная скорость взлетаtakeoff speedскорость взлетаtape speedскорость протяжки ленты(бортового регистратора) target speedзаданная скоростьtaxiing speedскорость руленияthreshold speedскорость прохождения порога ВППthrust versus speed curveскоростная характеристикаtop speedпредельная скоростьtouchdown speedскорость при касании(ВПП) transit to the climb speedпереходить к скорости набора высотыtransonic speedоколозвуковая скоростьturnoff speedскорость схода с ВППultrasonic speedсверхзвуковая скоростьunstick speedскорость отрыва при взлетеvertical gust speedскорость вертикального порыва(воздушной массы) vertical speedвертикальная скоростьvertical speed indicatorвариометрwind speedскорость ветраwind speed indicatorуказатель скорости ветраzero flaps speedскорость при полностью убранных закрылках -
110 number
[ˈnʌmbə]absolute number вчт. неименованное число abstract number вчт. неименованное число account number номер счета account number вчт. учетный номер actual number вчт. фактическое число application number пат. номер заявки arithmetic number вчт. арифметическое число assembly number вчт. шифр комплекта average sample number средний объем выборки base number вчт. основание системы счисления basic number базисная величина number причислять, зачислять; to be numbered with быть причисленным к binary decimal number вчт. двоично-десятичное число binary number вчт. двоичное число binary-coded decimal number вчт. двоично-кодированное десятичное число binary-coded number вчт. двоично-кодированное число block number вчт. номер блока book number учетный номер книги number номер; motorcar's number номер автомашины; call number шифр (книги, пленки и т. п.) call number вызываемый номер call number вчт. вызывающий параметр cardinal number мат. кардинальное число cardinal number количественное числительное catalogue number каталожный номер check number вчт. контрольное число column number вчт. номер столбца commercial register number номер коммерческой фирмы в регистре register: commercial number number (for tax and VAT collection purposes) номер коммерческой фирмы в регистре (для налогообложения и сбора налога на добавленную стоимость) customer account number номер счета клиента cylinder number вчт. номер цилиндра danger number категория риска decimal number десятичное число device number вчт. номер устройства double-precision number вчт. число с двойной точностью error number вчт. номер ошибки extension number добавочный номер file number номер дела file number номер документа file number номер единицы хранения floating-point number вчт. число с плавающей запятой fractional number дробное число generation number вчт. номер версии giro account number номер жиросчета number первоклассный, самый главный; problem No. 1 самая важная проблема; his number goes up он умирает, его песенка спета, ему крышка identity number идентификационный номер identity number личный номер number число, количество; a number of некоторое количество; in number численно, количеством in (great) numbers в большом количестве in (great) numbers значительными силами; out of (или without) number множество, без числа; a number (или numbers) of people много народу index number вчт. индекс index number коэффициент index number числовой показатель insurance number номер страхового договора integer number вчт. целое число inverse number вчт. обратное число invoice number номер счета-фактуры item number номер изделия item number вчт. номер позиции item number вчт. номер элемента journal number номер журнала land register number номер кадастра licence number номерной знак автомобиля line number вчт. номер строки lot number номер лота lot number число изделий в партии magic number вчт. системный код mixed number вчт. смешанное число number номер; motorcar's number номер автомашины; call number шифр (книги, пленки и т. п.) natural number вчт. натуральное число natural number мат. натуральное число negative number вчт. отрицательное число number разг. (что-л.) выделяющееся, могущее служить образцом; number one (или No. number выпуск, номер, экземпляр (журнала и т. п.) number выпуск number зачислять number количество number насчитывать; the population numbers 5000 население составляет 5000 человек number насчитывать number номер (программы) number номер; motorcar's number номер автомашины; call number шифр (книги, пленки и т. п.) number номер number нумеровать number нумеровать number первоклассный, самый главный; problem No. 1 самая важная проблема; his number goes up он умирает, его песенка спета, ему крышка number пересчитывать number показатель number (No.) порядковый номер number предназначать number причислять, зачислять; to be numbered with быть причисленным к number воен. рассчитываться; to number off делать перекличку по номерам number прос. ритм, размер number свое "я"; собственная персона number pl прос. стихи number мат. сумма, число, цифра; science of numbers арифметика number сумма number уст. считать, пересчитывать; his days are numbered его дни сочтены number цифра number числиться, быть в числе (among, in) number грам. число number число, количество; a number of некоторое количество; in number численно, количеством number число number in succession нумеровать по порядку number in system вчт. число в системе number in the queue вчт. длина очереди number число, количество; a number of некоторое количество; in number численно, количеством number of allocation units количество голосов, на основании которых распределяются мандаты в парламенте number of claims число исков number of members число членов number of packages число мест груза in (great) numbers значительными силами; out of (или without) number множество, без числа; a number (или numbers) of people много народу number of persons employed число сотрудников number of respondents число опрошенных number of risks число рисков number of units waiting вчт. длина очереди number of votes число голосов number of years возраст number воен. рассчитываться; to number off делать перекличку по номерам number разг. (что-л.) выделяющееся, могущее служить образцом; number one (или No. odd number нечетное число opposite number лицо, занимающее такую же должность в другом учреждении opposite number партнер по переговорам opposite: number number лицо, занимающее такую же должность в другом учреждении, государстве и т. п.; партнер, коллега order number номер заказа order number порядковый номер ordinal number вчт. порядковый номер ordinal number порядковый номер in (great) numbers значительными силами; out of (или without) number множество, без числа; a number (или numbers) of people много народу packed decimal number вчт. упакованное десятичное число page number вчт. номер страницы page number полигр. номер страницы parcel number номер земельного участка patent number номер патента personal identification number вчт. личный идентификационный номер personal number личный идентификационный номер phone number номер телефона physical block number вчт. физический номер блока policy number номер страхового полиса number насчитывать; the population numbers 5000 население составляет 5000 человек positive number вчт. положительное число precedence number вчт. приоритетный номер prime number простое число prime: number mover тех. первичный двигатель; перен. душа (какого-л.) дела; prime number мат. простое число priority number вчт. показатель приоритета number первоклассный, самый главный; problem No. 1 самая важная проблема; his number goes up он умирает, его песенка спета, ему крышка pseudorandom number псевдослучайное число random number случайное число rational number рациональное число real number вещественное число real number действительное число reciprocal number обратное число reference number номер для ссылок reference number номер документа reference number шифр документа registration number номерной знак registration number регистрационный номер round number округленное число number мат. сумма, число, цифра; science of numbers арифметика securities number номер ценной бумаги sequence number порядковый номер serial number номер в серии serial number порядковый номер serial number регистрационный номер serial number серийный номер serial: number последовательный; serial number порядковый номер share serial number серийный номер акции shelf number doc. регистрационный номер shelf number doc. учетный номер signed number вчт. число со знаком simple number однозначное число special service number специальный служебный номер statement number вчт. номер оператора statistical code number статистический кодовый номер suffix number нижний индекс tag number вчт. кодовая метка tariff number позиция в таможенном тарифе tax identification number регистрационный номер фирмы в налоговом управлении (США) telephone number номер телефона three-figure number трехзначное число three-figure number трехзначный номер title number титульный номер track number вчт. номер дорожки two-digit number двузначное число unit number вчт. номер устройства unlisted number номер телефона, не внесенный в телефонный справочник unobtainable number номер телефона, не помещенный в телефонный справочник и не сообщаемый справочной службой unsigned number вчт. число без знака user identification number вчт. шифр пользователя user number вчт. код пользователя vacant number незанятый абонентский номер vacant number свободный абонентский номер version number вчт. номер версии virtual block number вчт. виртуальный номер блока wave number волновое число -
111 ASP.NET
"A set of technologies in the Microsoft.NET Framework for building Web applications and XML Web services. ASP.NET pages execute on the server and generate markup (such as HTML, WML, or XML) that is sent to a desktop or mobile browser. ASP.NET pages use a compiled, event-driven programming model that improves performance and enables the separation of application logic and user interface. ASP.NET pages and XML Web services files created using ASP.NET contain server-side (rather than client-side) logic written in Visual Basic.NET, C#.NET, or any.NET-compatible language. Web applications and XML Web services take advantage of the features of the common language runtime, such as type safety, inheritance, language interoperability, versioning, and integrated security."ASP.NET -
112 MFC Smart Device DLL Wizard
"A wizard in Smart Device Development. It is used to create an MFC DLL project. The users get a working starter application that has built-in functionality that, when it is compiled, will implement the basic features of a DLL."English-Arabic terms dictionary > MFC Smart Device DLL Wizard
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113 PowerPoint Web App
"A Microsoft Office Web application that enables users to upload, view (in full fidelity with animations and transitions maintained), share, and edit PPT files in a Web browser, as well as create basic presentations using only the Web client. They can also take those PPT presentations and embed them in other Web applications, like blog postings or other Web sites." -
114 Microsoft PowerPoint Web App
"A Microsoft Office Web application that enables users to upload, view (in full fidelity with animations and transitions maintained), share, and edit PPT files in a Web browser, as well as create basic presentations using only the Web client. They can also take those PPT presentations and embed them in other Web applications, like blog postings or other Web sites."English-Arabic terms dictionary > Microsoft PowerPoint Web App
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115 advanced membership
"The membership status that configures the anti-malware application to send information to Microsoft about malicious software, spyware, and potentially unwanted software. This status allows more information to be sent than the basic membership allows." -
116 MEF part
"An object that is the basic building block of a MEF application. Each MEF part declares its dependencies (imports) and capabilities (exports), which are matched with the imports and exports of other MEF parts and made available to MEF apps." -
117 Windows UI control
"A UI control available through WinUI that allow an app take on the look and feel of Windows. Regardless of the developer's choice to use HTML/JS or C++/C#, the developer can create an application that carries the new Windows experience. This includes controls enabling the display, entry and manipulation of data and content including View Controls, Text Controls, Pattern Controls, Overlay Controls, Media (Video & Audio) Controls, Content Controls, Collection Controls, and Basic Controls. These controls are available for Windows Store apps." -
118 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
-
119 SBA
- сильноосновный анионит
- определяется приложением
- Администрация по вопросам малого бизнеса [мелких предпринимателей] (США)
Администрация по вопросам малого бизнеса [мелких предпринимателей] (США)
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
определяется приложением
Sba означает, что величина этого параметра для данного компонента должна быть определена из спецификации для соответствующего приложения или системы передачи (МСЭ-T G.671).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > SBA
-
120 switchgear and controlgear
- НКУ распределения и управления
- коммутационная аппаратура и аппаратура управления
- аппаратура распределения и управления
аппаратура распределения и управления
Общий термин для коммутационных аппаратов и их комбинации с относящимися к ним устройствами управления, измерения, защиты и регулирования, а также для узлов, в которых такие аппараты и устройства соединяются с соответствующими фидерами, комплектующим оборудованием, оболочками и опорными конструкциями.
МЭК 60050 (441-11-01) [1].
[ ГОСТ Р 50030. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60947-1-99)]EN
switchgear and controlgear
general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting structures
[IEC 62271-1, ed. 1.0 (2007-10)]FR
appareillage
terme général applicable aux appareils de connexion et à leur combinaison avec des appareils de commande, de mesure, de protection et de réglage qui leur sont associés, ainsi qu’aux ensembles de tels appareils avec les connexions, les accessoires, les enveloppes et les charpentes correspondantes
[IEC 62271-1, ed. 1.0 (2007-10)]Тематики
- аппарат, изделие, устройство...
EN
DE
- Schaltanlagen und/oder Schaltgeräte
FR
коммутационная аппаратура и аппаратура управления
Электрическое оборудование, предназначенное для присоединения к электрической цепи с целью выполнения одной или более следующих функций: защиты, управления, разъединения, коммутации.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]EN
switchgear and controlgear
electric equipment intended to be connected to an electric circuit for the purpose of carrying out one or more of the following functions: protection, control, isolation, switching
NOTE – The French and English terms can be considered as equivalent in most cases. However, the French term has a broader meaning than the English term and includes for example connecting devices, plugs and socket-outlets, etc. In English, these latter devices are known as accessories.
[IEV number 826-16-03]FR
appareillage, m
matériel électrique destiné à être relié à un circuit électrique en vue d'assurer une ou plusieurs des fonctions suivantes: protection, commande, sectionnement, connexion
NOTE – Les termes français et anglais peuvent être considérés comme équivalents dans la plupart des cas. Toutefois, le terme français couvre un domaine plus étendu que le terme anglais, et comprend notamment les dispositifs de connexion, les prises de courant, etc. En anglais, ces derniers sont dénommés "accessories".
[IEV number 826-16-03]Тематики
- аппарат, изделие, устройство...
- электроустановки
EN
DE
- Schaltgerät, n
- Steuergerät, n
FR
- appareillage, m
низковольтное устройство распределения и управления (НКУ)
Низковольтные коммутационные аппараты и устройства управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования, собранные совместно, со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями и конструктивными элементами.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 61439-1-2012]
низковольтное устройство распределения и управления
Комбинация низковольтных коммутационных аппаратов с устройствами управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования и т. п., полностью смонтированных изготовителем НКУ (под его ответственность на единой конструктивной основе) со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями с соответствующими конструктивными элементами
Примечания
1. В настоящем стандарте сокращение НКУ используют для обозначения низковольтных комплектных устройств распределения и управления.
2. Аппараты, входящие в состав НКУ, могут быть электромеханическими или электронными.
3. По различным причинам, например по условиям транспортирования или изготовления, некоторые операции сборки могут быть выполнены на месте установки, вне предприятия-изготовителя.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]EN
power switchgear and controlgear assembly (PSC-assembly)
low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly used to distribute and control energy for all types of loads, intended for industrial, commercial and similar applications where operation by ordinary persons is not intended
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]
low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
combination of one or more low-voltage switching devices together with associated control, measuring, signalling, protective, regulation equipment, etc., completely assembled under the responsibility of the manufacturer with all the internal electrical and mechanical interconnections and structural parts.
[IEC 61892-3, ed. 2.0 (2007-11)]
switchgear and controlgear
a general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting structures
[IEV number 441-11-01]
switchgear and controlgear
electric equipment intended to be connected to an electric circuit for the purpose of carrying out one or more of the following functions: protection, control, isolation, switching
NOTE – The French and English terms can be considered as equivalent in most cases. However, the French term has a broader meaning than the English term and includes for example connecting devices, plugs and socket-outlets, etc. In English, these latter devices are known as accessories.
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]
switchboard
A large single electric control panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted (either on the back or on the face, or both) switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments; not intended for installation in a cabinet but may be completely enclosed in metal; usually is accessible from both the front and rear.
[ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction]
switchboard
One or more panels accommodating control switches, indicators, and other apparatus for operating electric circuits
[ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]FR
ensemble d'appareillage de puissance (ensemble PSC)
ensemble d'appareillage à basse tension utilisé pour répartir et commander l'énergie pour tous les types de charges et prévu pour des applications industrielles, commerciales et analogues dans lesquelles l'exploitation par des personnes ordinaires n'est pas prévue
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]
appareillage, m
matériel électrique destiné à être relié à un circuit électrique en vue d'assurer une ou plusieurs des fonctions suivantes: protection, commande, sectionnement, connexion
NOTE – Les termes français et anglais peuvent être considérés comme équivalents dans la plupart des cas. Toutefois, le terme français couvre un domaine plus étendu que le terme anglais, et comprend notamment les dispositifs de connexion, les prises de courant, etc. En anglais, ces derniers sont dénommés "accessories".
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]
appareillage
terme général applicable aux appareils de connexion et à leur combinaison avec des appareils de commande, de mesure, de protection et de réglage qui leur sont associés, ainsi qu'aux ensembles de tels appareils avec les connexions, les accessoires, les enveloppes et les charpentes correspondantes
[IEV number 441-11-01]
A switchboard as defined in the National Electrical Code is a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted, on the face or back or both switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and, usually, instruments.
Switchboards are generally accessible from the rear as well as from the front and are not intended to be installed in cabinets.
The types of switchboards, classified by basic features of construction, are as follows:
1. Live-front vertical panels
2. Dead-front boards
3. Safety enclosed boards( metal-clad)
[American electricians’ handbook]
The switchboard plays an essential role in the availability of electric power, while meeting the needs of personal and property safety.
Its definition, design and installation are based on precise rules; there is no place for improvisation.
The IEC 61439 standard aims to better define " low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies", ensuring that the specified performances are reached.
It specifies in particular:
> the responsibilities of each player, distinguishing those of the original equipment manufacturer - the organization that performed the original design and associated verification of an assembly in accordance with the standard, and of the assembly manufacturer - the organization taking responsibility for the finished assembly;
> the design and verification rules, constituting a benchmark for product certification.
All the component parts of the electrical switchboard are concerned by the IEC 61439 standard.
Equipment produced in accordance with the requirements of this switchboard standard ensures the safety and reliability of the installation.
A switchboard must comply with the requirements of standard IEC 61439-1 and 2 to guarantee the safety and reliability of the installation.
Managers of installations, fully aware of the professional and legal liabilities weighing on their company and on themselves, demand a high level of safety for the electrical installation.
What is more, the serious economic consequences of prolonged halts in production mean that the electrical switchboard must provide excellent continuity of service, whatever the operating conditions.
[Schneider Electric]НКУ играет главную роль в обеспечении электроэнергией, удовлетворяя при этом всем требованиям по безопасности людей и сохранности имущества.
Выбор конструкции, проектирование и монтаж основаны на чётких правилах, не допускающих никакой импровизации.
Требования к низковольтным комплектным устройствам распределения и управления сформулированы в стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000).
В частности, он определяет:
> распределение ответственности между изготовителем НКУ - организацией, разработавшей конструкцию НКУ и проверившей его на соответствие требованиям стандарта, и сборщиком – организацией, выполнившей сборку НКУ;
> конструкцию, технические характеристики, виды и методы испытаний НКУ.
В стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000) описываются все компоненты НКУ.
Оборудование, изготовленное в соответствии с требованиями этого стандарта, обеспечивает безопасность и надежность электроустановки.
Для того чтобы гарантировать безопасность эксплуатации и надежность работы электроустановки, распределительный щит должен соответствовать требованиям стандарта МЭК 61439-1 и 2.
Лица, ответственные за электроустановки, должны быть полностью осведомлены о профессиональной и юридической ответственности, возложенной на их компанию и на них лично, за обеспечение высокого уровня безопасности эксплуатации этих электроустановок.
Кроме того, поскольку длительные перерывы производства приводят к серьезным экономическим последствиям, электрический распределительный щит должен обеспечивать надежную и бесперебойную работу независимо от условий эксплуатации.
[Перевод Интент]LV switchgear assemblies are undoubtedly the components of the electric installation more subject to the direct intervention of personnel (operations, maintenance, etc.) and for this reason users demand from them higher and higher safety requirements.
The compliance of an assembly with the state of the art and therefore, presumptively, with the relevant technical Standard, cannot be based only on the fact that the components which constitute it comply with the state of the art and therefore, at least presumptively, with the relevant technical standards.
In other words, the whole assembly must be designed, built and tested in compliance with the state of the art.
Since the assemblies under consideration are low voltage equipment, their rated voltage shall not exceed 1000 Va.c. or 1500 Vd.c. As regards currents, neither upper nor lower limits are provided in the application field of this Standard.
The Standard IEC 60439-1 states the construction, safety and maintenance requirements for low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies, without dealing with the functional aspects which remain a competence of the designer of the plant for which the assembly is intended.
[ABB]Низковольтные комплектные устройства (НКУ), вне всякого сомнения, являются частями электроустановок, которые наиболее подвержены непосредственному вмешательству оперативного, обслуживающего и т. п. персонала. Вот почему требования потребителей к безопасности НКУ становятся все выше и выше.
Соответствие НКУ современному положению дел и вследствие этого, гипотетически, соответствующим техническим стандартам, не может основываться только на том факте, что составляющие НКУ компоненты соответствуют современному состоянию дел и поэтому, по крайней мере, гипотетически, - соответствующим техническим стандартам
Другими словами, НКУ должно быть разработано, изготовлено и испытано в соответствии с современными требованиями.
Мы рассматриваем низковольтные комплектные устройства и это означает, что их номинальное напряжение не превышает 1000 В переменного тока или 1500 В постоянного тока. Что касается тока, то ни верхнее, ни нижнее значение стандартами, относящимися к данной области, не оговариваются
Стандарт МЭК 60439-1 устанавливает требования к конструкции, безопасности и техническому обслуживанию низковольтных комплектных устройств без учета их функций, полагая, что функции НКУ являются компетенцией проектировщиков электроустановки, частью которых эти НКУ являются.
[Перевод Интент]Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
Классификация
>>>Действия
Синонимы
Сопутствующие термины
EN
- assembly
- electrical switchboard
- low voltage controlgear and assembly
- low voltage switchboard
- low voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
- low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
- LV switchgear and controlgear assembly
- LV switchgear assembly
- panel
- power switchgear and controlgear assembly
- PSC-assembly
- switchboard
- switchgear and controlgear
- switchgear/controlgear
DE
- Schaltanlagen und/oder Schaltgeräte
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > switchgear and controlgear
См. также в других словарях:
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